Journal of Science Policy & Governance
​Volume 19, Issue 01 | November 01, 2021

Policy Memo: Restoration Through Regeneration: a Scientific and Political Lens into Regenerative Agriculture in the United States

Elizabeth Koman (1)*, Emily Laurilliard (2)*, Aziza Moore (3)*, Nancy E. Ruiz-Uribe (2)*
  1. Cornell University, Department of Biology and Society, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca NY
  2. Cornell University, Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY
  3. Cornell University, Cornell Institute of Public Administration, Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Ithaca NY

*These authors contributed equally
Corresponding author: am3346@cornell.edu
Keywords: agriculture; regenerative agriculture; climate-smart agriculture; agricultural industry; soil health; ecological restoration; climate change; US Farm Bill; US food system; monocropping; pesticides

Executive Summary

​The current agricultural system in the U.S., commonly referred to as industrial agriculture, is a system where the main goal is to produce the highest possible yield of crops at the lowest cost, for both human and livestock consumption, and relies heavily on manipulation of the land with monocropping, tillage, synthetic pesticides, and fertilizers. These practices compromise biodiversity, soil health, ecosystem health, and ultimately human health. It is becoming increasingly clear that we cannot sustain conventional practices if we wish to provide a healthy food system to future generations. An alternative, known as regenerative agriculture, produces high yields while also building soil health, increasing biodiversity, improving water cycles, and sequestering carbon. To achieve these goals regenerative agriculture utilizes a core set of techniques which include no-till farming, cover cropping, increased crop diversity, integration of livestock, and the reduction or elimination of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Such practices have been shown to be more productive in the long term and more resilient when faced with severe weather events. Currently, there is a need for policies to help farmers implement regenerative agriculture principles, but conventional agriculture has become both politically and economically embedded in the U.S. food system. Not only do our current policies fail to adequately assist regenerative agriculture systems, they also actively support conventional agriculture through, for example, subsidy programs. This document serves as a comprehensive overview of the scientific understanding of agriculture, history of U.S. agricultural policy, key stakeholders in the field, and policy recommendations to expand regenerative agriculture.

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 Background header image from "What is Regenerative Agriculture?" by Jimi Sol via YouTube under a Creative Commons license
Elizabeth Koman is a recent graduate of Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Science, where she studied Biology and Society. Her academic interest was geared toward sustainable development and both national and international food systems, specifically looking at how indigenous food systems have been impacted by US foreign aid. She plans to pursue a PhD in globalization sociology.
 
Emily Laurilliard is a PhD Student studying skeletal muscle regeneration at Cornell University. Her research is focused on understanding the muscle stem cell vascular niche through in vitro co-culture models and in vivo imaging. She is a member of the Cornell Advancing Science and Policy organization and served as the Outreach Co-chair for Cornell's Biomedical Engineering Society chapter and hopes to continue to use her scientific background to engage with policymakers and the public.
 
Aziza Moore is a second-year graduate fellow at the Cornell Institute of Public Administration with a concentration in Environmental Policy. Her main areas of focus are agricultural policy and reform specifically with the promotion of climate-smart and integrative agricultural practices while strategically building bridges between farmers, scientists, and policy makers. Prior to her attendance at Cornell University, she acquired a Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies and minors in South Asian Studies and Environmental Studies at the College of Wooster in Ohio.
 
Nancy Ruiz-Uribe is a PhD student studying Alzheimer’s disease at Cornell University. Her research is focused in understanding the contributions of vascular dysfunction and inflammation to neurodegeneration in animal models through in vivo imaging. Prior to Cornell, she acquired a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Physics from Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia.
 
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Chris Schaffer, for his valuable input and guidance at the time of writing this manuscript. We would also like to thank the class of BME 4440, for their comments and suggestions on our work. 

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