Journal of Science Policy & Governance
​Volume 19, Issue 01 | November 01, 2021

Policy Memo: Restoration Through Regeneration: a Scientific and Political Lens into Regenerative Agriculture in the United States

Elizabeth Koman (1)*, Emily Laurilliard (2)*, Aziza Moore (3)*, Nancy E. Ruiz-Uribe (2)*
  1. Cornell University, Department of Biology and Society, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca NY
  2. Cornell University, Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY
  3. Cornell University, Cornell Institute of Public Administration, Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Ithaca NY

*These authors contributed equally
Corresponding author: am3346@cornell.edu
Keywords: agriculture; regenerative agriculture; climate-smart agriculture; agricultural industry; soil health; ecological restoration; climate change; US Farm Bill; US food system; monocropping; pesticides

Executive Summary

​The current agricultural system in the U.S., commonly referred to as industrial agriculture, is a system where the main goal is to produce the highest possible yield of crops at the lowest cost, for both human and livestock consumption, and relies heavily on manipulation of the land with monocropping, tillage, synthetic pesticides, and fertilizers. These practices compromise biodiversity, soil health, ecosystem health, and ultimately human health. It is becoming increasingly clear that we cannot sustain conventional practices if we wish to provide a healthy food system to future generations. An alternative, known as regenerative agriculture, produces high yields while also building soil health, increasing biodiversity, improving water cycles, and sequestering carbon. To achieve these goals regenerative agriculture utilizes a core set of techniques which include no-till farming, cover cropping, increased crop diversity, integration of livestock, and the reduction or elimination of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Such practices have been shown to be more productive in the long term and more resilient when faced with severe weather events. Currently, there is a need for policies to help farmers implement regenerative agriculture principles, but conventional agriculture has become both politically and economically embedded in the U.S. food system. Not only do our current policies fail to adequately assist regenerative agriculture systems, they also actively support conventional agriculture through, for example, subsidy programs. This document serves as a comprehensive overview of the scientific understanding of agriculture, history of U.S. agricultural policy, key stakeholders in the field, and policy recommendations to expand regenerative agriculture.

-Read the full article through download.-

 Background header image from "What is Regenerative Agriculture?" by Jimi Sol via YouTube under a Creative Commons license
Elizabeth Koman is a recent graduate of Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Science, where she studied Biology and Society. Her academic interest was geared toward sustainable development and both national and international food systems, specifically looking at how indigenous food systems have been impacted by US foreign aid. She plans to pursue a PhD in globalization sociology.
 
Emily Laurilliard is a PhD Student studying skeletal muscle regeneration at Cornell University. Her research is focused on understanding the muscle stem cell vascular niche through in vitro co-culture models and in vivo imaging. She is a member of the Cornell Advancing Science and Policy organization and served as the Outreach Co-chair for Cornell's Biomedical Engineering Society chapter and hopes to continue to use her scientific background to engage with policymakers and the public.
 
Aziza Moore is a second-year graduate fellow at the Cornell Institute of Public Administration with a concentration in Environmental Policy. Her main areas of focus are agricultural policy and reform specifically with the promotion of climate-smart and integrative agricultural practices while strategically building bridges between farmers, scientists, and policy makers. Prior to her attendance at Cornell University, she acquired a Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies and minors in South Asian Studies and Environmental Studies at the College of Wooster in Ohio.
 
Nancy Ruiz-Uribe is a PhD student studying Alzheimer’s disease at Cornell University. Her research is focused in understanding the contributions of vascular dysfunction and inflammation to neurodegeneration in animal models through in vivo imaging. Prior to Cornell, she acquired a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Physics from Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia.
 
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Chris Schaffer, for his valuable input and guidance at the time of writing this manuscript. We would also like to thank the class of BME 4440, for their comments and suggestions on our work. 

References

  1. Altieri, Miguel A. 1999. “The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.” In M. G. Paoletti (Ed.), Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes (pp. 19–31). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-50019-9.50005-4 
  2. Amadeo, Kimberly. 2020. “Farm Subsidies with Pros, Cons, and Impact.” The Balance, November 1, 2020. https://www.thebalance.com/farm-subsidies-4173885
  3. Ashtekar, Jenette. 2020. “Scaling Sustainable Agriculture: Regenerative Farming and the Next Generation of Carbon Markets.” CIBO Technologies. www.cibotechnologies.com/blog/scaling-sustainable-agriculture-regenerative-farming-and-the-next-generation-of-carbon-markets/.
  4. Bennet, Hugh H. 1928. “Soil Erosion A National Menace.” US Department of Agriculture, 54.
  5. Berry, Colin, Carlo La Vecchia, and Pierluigi Nicotera. 2010. “Paraquat and Parkinson’s disease.” Cell Death & Differentiation, 17(7), 1115–1125. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2009.217
  6. Bhattacharyya, Chandrima, Rupsa Roy, Prosun Tribedi, Anupama Ghosh, and Abhrajyoti Ghosh. 2020. “Biofertilizers as substitute to commercial agrochemicals.” Agrochemicals Detection, Treatment and Remediation (pp. 263–290). Elsevier.
  7. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-103017-2.00011-8
  8. Britannica. n.d. “Agricultural Adjustment Administration” Accessed April 29, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agricultural-Adjustment-Administration
  9. Brulle, Robert J. 2018. “The Climate Lobby: a Sectoral Analysis of Lobbying Spending on Climate Change in the USA, 2000 to 2016.” Climatic Change, 149, 289–303.​doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2241-z.
  10. Calabi-Floody, Marcela, Jorge Medina, Cornelia Rumpel, Leo M. Condron, Marcela Hernandez, Marc Dumont, and Maria de la Luz Mora. 2018. “Chapter Three—Smart Fertilizers as a Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture.” D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Advances in Agronomy (Vol. 147, pp. 119–157). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2017.10.003
  11. Carlisle, Liz, Maywa Montenegro de Wit, Marcia S. DeLonge, Alastair Iles, Adam Calo, Christy Getz, Joanna Ory, Katherine Munden-Dixon, Ryan Galt, Brett Melone, Reggie Knox, and Daniel Press. 2019. “Transitioning to Sustainable Agriculture Requires Growing and Sustaining an Ecologically Skilled Workforce.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00096
  12. Carty, Kevin. 2018. “USDA Reports on Farm Consolidation but Ignores the Cause.” Food & Power, March 29, 2018.  https://www.foodandpower.net/latest/2018/03/29/usda-reports-on-farm-consolidation-but-ignores-the-cause
  13. Charles, Dan. 2020. “Farmers Are Warming Up To The Fight Against Climate Change.” NPR,  November 20, 2020.  https://www.npr.org/2020/11/20/936603967/farmers-are-warming-up-to-the-fight-against-climate-change
  14. DeLonge, Marcia S., Albie Miles, and Liz Carlisle. 2016. “Investing in the transition to sustainable agriculture.” Environmental Science & Policy, 55, 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.013
  15. DeLonge, Marcia S. 2018. “The Bipartisan 2018 Farm Bill Brings Some Consequences, Cautious Optimism for Conservation.” Union of Concerned Scientists, December 18, 2018. https://blog.ucsusa.org/marcia-delonge/the-bipartisan-2018-farm-bill-brings-some-consequences-cautious-optimism-for-conservation
  16. DeMelle, Brendan. 2021. “Agribusiness Database.” DeSmog. www.desmog.com/agribusiness-database/.
  17. Donley, Nathan. 2019. “The USA lags behind other agricultural nations in banning harmful pesticides.” Environmental Health, 18 (44), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-019-0488-0  
  18. Down To Earth. 2015. “Global Fertiliser Use to Surpass 200 Million Tonnes in 2018: FAO Report.” Down To Earth, February 17, 2015. www.downtoearth.org.in/news/global-fertiliser-use-to-surpass-200-million-tonnes-in-2018-fao-report-48633
  19. Evich, Helena Bottemiller. 2019. “Trump's USDA Buried Sweeping Climate Change Response Plan.” Politico, July 18, 2019. www.politico.com/story/2019/07/18/usda-suppresses-climate-change-plan-1598987
  20. Farm Bureau. 2019. “EQIP and CSP Conservation Programs in the 2018 Farm Bill.” Last modified April 1, 2019. https://www.fb.org/market-intel/eqip-and-csp-conservation-programs-in-the-2018-farm-bill
  21. Farm Service Agency. 2021.  “USDA Expands and Renews Conservation Reserve Program in Effort to Boost Enrollment and Address Climate Change.”  Last modified April 21, 2021. https://fsa.usda.gov/news-room/news-releases/2021/usda-expands-and-renews-conservation-reserve-program-in-effort-to-boost-enrollment-and-address-climate-change
  22. Field to Market. 2015. “National Council of Farmer Cooperatives Joins Field to Market.” Field to Market, July 14, 2015. fieldtomarket.org/national-council-farmer-cooperatives-joins-field-market-2/.
  23. Fisher, Max.  2020. “USDA updates EQIP rules.” National Grain and Feed Association, October 30, 2020  https://www.ngfa.org/newsletter/usda-updates-eqip-rules/
  24. Frazier, Linda M. 2007. “Reproductive Disorders Associated with Pesticide Exposure.” Journal of Agromedicine, 12(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J096v12n01_04
  25. Freedman, Bill. 2018. Chapter 22 ~ Pesticides. In Environmental Science. Dalhousie University Libraries Digital Editions. https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/environmentalscience/chapter/chapter-22-pesticides/
  26. Graham, Kate Z. 2019. "Federal Regulation of Pesticide Residues: A Brief History and Analysis," Journal of Food Law & Policy: 15(1).
  27. Gustin, Georgina. 2020. “An Unlikely Alliance of Farm and Environmental Groups Takes on Climate Change.” Civil Eats, November 20, 2020.
  28. civileats.com/2020/11/20/an-unlikely-alliance-of-farm-and-environmental-groups-takes-on-climate-change/.
  29. Haspel, Tamar. 2014. “Farm bill: Why don’t taxpayers subsidize the foods that are better for us?” Washington Post, February 18, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/farm-bill-why-dont-taxpayers-subsidize-the-foods-that-are-better-for-us/2014/02/14/d7642a3c-9434-11e3-84e1-27626c5ef5fb_story.html
  30. Helms, Douglas. 1999. “Two Centuries of Soil Conservation.” OAH Magazine of History 5, no. 3: 24–28.
  31. Hendrickson, Mary K., Philip H. Howard, Emily M. Miller, and Douglas H. Constance. 2020. “The Food System: Concentration and Its Impacts.” Family Farm Action Alliance. Last modified May 6, 2021.
  32. https://farmactionalliance.org/concentrationreport/
  33. Hillel, Daniel, and Cynthia Rosenzweig. 2005. “The Role of Biodiversity in Agronomy.” In Advances in Agronomy (Vol. 88, pp. 1–34). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88001-0
  34. Hornick, Sharon B. 1992. “Factors affecting the nutritional quality of crops.” American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 7(1/2), 63–68.
  35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44479652
  36. Horrigan, Leo, Robert S. Lawrence, and Polly Walker. 2002. “How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture.” Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(5), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110445
  37. Hou, Liyan, Cong Zhang, Ke Wang, Xiaofang Liu, Hongwei Wang, Yuning Che, Fuqiang Sun, Xueying Zhou, Xiulan Zhao, and Qingshan Wang. 2017. “Paraquat and maneb co-exposure induces noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurodegeneration through NADPH oxidase-mediated microglial activation.” Toxicology, 380, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.009
  38. Hufnagel, Johannes, Moritz Reckling, and Frank Ewert. 2020. “Diverse approaches to crop diversification in agricultural research. A review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 40(2), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00617-4
  39. Joe Biden for President. n.d. Joe Biden’s Plan for Rural America. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://joebiden.com/rural-plan/    
  40. Johnson, Michaela E., and Larisa Bobrovskaya. 2015. “An update on the rotenone models of Parkinson’s disease: Their ability to reproduce the features of clinical disease and model gene–environment interactions.” NeuroToxicology, 46, 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.12.002
  41. Kelly, Sharon, and Frances Rankin. 2020. “Investigation: How Pesticide Companies Are Marketing Themselves as a Solution to Climate Change.” DeSmog, November 18, 2020. www.desmog.com/2020/11/18/pesticides-industry-climate-change-marketing-pr/.
  42. Kokot, Željko, Todor Marković, Sanjin Ivanović, and Maja Meseldžija. 2020. “Whole-Farm Revenue Protection as a Factor of Economic Stability in Crop Production.” Sustainability, 12(16), 6349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166349
  43. Lechenet, Martin, Fabrice Dessaint, Guillaume Py, David Makowski, and Nicolas Munier-Jolain. 2017. “Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms.” Nature Plants, 3(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.8
  44. Li, Yüze, Duanpu Song, Shihan Liang, Pengfei Dang, Xiaoliang Qin, Yuncheng Liao, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. 2020. “Effect of no-tillage on soil bacterial and fungal community diversity: A meta-analysis.” Soil and Tillage Research, 204, 104721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104721
  45. Lillison, Ben. 2021. “New EPA Emissions Data Should Guide Biden on Agriculture and Climate.” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, February 24, 2021. www.commondreams.org/views/2021/03/01/factory-farms-new-epa-emissions-data-should-guide-biden-agriculture-and-climate.
  46. MacDonald, James M., Robert A. Hoppe, and Doris Newton. 2018. “Three Decades of Consolidation in US Agriculture.” US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
  47. Magdoff, Fred. 1993. “Building Soils for Better Crops: Organic Matter Management.” Soil Science, 156(5), 371.
  48. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014    
  49. Marshall, Elizabeth, Kelly B. Maguire, Daniel Hellerstein, and David Schimmelpfennig. 2019. “Conservation Trends in Agriculture Reflect Policy, Technology, and Other Factors.” USDA Economic Research Service, August 12, 2019. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2019/august/conservation-trends-in-agriculture-reflect-policy-technology-and-other-factors/
  50. McKenna, Maryn. 2017. “Big Chicken: The Incredible Story of How Antibiotics Created Modern Agriculture and Changed the Way the World Eats.” National Geographic Books.
  51. Mnif, Wissem, Aziza Ibn Hadj Hassine, Aicha Bouaziz, Aghleb Bartegi, Olivier Thomas, and Benoit Roig. 2011. “Effect of Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides: A Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 2265–2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062265
  52. Mostafalou, Sara, and Mohammad Abdollahi. 2013. “Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 268(2), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
  53. Mukhala, Elija, Johan M. De Jager, Leon D. Van Rensburg, and Sue Walker. 1999. “Dietary nutrient deficiency in small-scale farming communities in South Africa: Benefits of intercropping maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).” Nutrition Research, 19(4), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(99)00028-7
  54. Muller, Mark. 2020. “USDA, Climate Change, and Regenerative Agriculture.” Regenerative Agriculture Foundation, November 17, 2020. regenerativeagriculturefoundation.org/usda-climate-change-and-regenerative-agriculture/.    
  55. Nathan, Manjula V. 2017. “Soils, Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Management.” Accessed March 12, 2021.
  56. https://extension.missouri.edu/publicati/m4
  57. National Council of Farmer Cooperatives. n.d. Home. ncfc.org
  58. National Research Council. 2000. “The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture.” https://doi.org/10.17226/9598
  59. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. 2015. “Sustainable Agriculture Research Falling Further Behind.” Last modified July 2, 2015.  https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/sare-funding-trends/
  60. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. 2019. “Much Needed Improvements to Whole Farm Revenue Protection.” National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, June 21, 2019. https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/whole-farm-revenue-protection-improvements/    
  61. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. 2021a. “The Time is Ripe for Competition and Antitrust Reform in Agriculture.” National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, February 12, 2021. https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/the-time-is-ripe-for-competition-and-antitrust-reform-in-agriculture/    
  62. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. 2021b. “Farmers Care About SARE: NSAC Hosts Virtual Annual Appropriations Fly-in.” Last modified April 19, 2021. https://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/farmers-care-about-sare-nsac-hosts-virtual-annual-appropriations-fly-in/
  63. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. n.d. “What is the Farm Bill?” Accessed March 17, 2021. https://sustainableagriculture.net/our-work/campaigns/fbcampaign/what-is-the-farm-bill/         
  64. Newton, Peter, Nicole Civita, Lee Frankel-Goldwater, Katharine Bartel, and Colleen Johns. 2020. “What Is Regenerative Agriculture? A Review of Scholar and Practitioner Definitions Based on Processes and Outcomes.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.577723
  65. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxeni, Sotirios Maipas, Chrysanthi Kotampasi, Panagiotis Stamatis, and Luc Hens. 2016. “Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture.” Frontiers in Public Health, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148
  66.  Nunes, Márcio R., Douglas L. Karlen, Kristen S. Veum, Thomas B. Moorman, and Cynthia A. Cambardella. 2020. “Biological soil health indicators respond to tillage intensity: A US meta-analysis.” Geoderma, 369, 114335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114335    
  67. Olen, Beau, and JunJie Wu. 2017. “Tracking the Evolution and Recent Development in Whole Farm Insurance Programs.” Choices, 32(3). http://proxy.library.cornell.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=1881987&site=eds-live&scope=site
  68. One Planet Business for Biodiversity (OP2B). n.d. https://op2b.org/
  69. OpenSecrets. n.d. “CropLife America.” Accessed July 22, 2021. https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/croplife-america/summary?id=D000025187
  70. Paniagua, Silvana, Cato Koole, Eric Rahn, Dominique Gangneux, and Samuel Vionnet. 2019. “What you need to know about Regenerative Agriculture.” NewForesight. http://www.newforesight.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-regenerative-agriculture/    
  71. Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility. 2020. “Beyond 2020: Pesticides.” Last modified December 11, 2020. https://www.peer.org/beyond-2020-pesticides/.
  72. Pratt, Katie. 2020. “Farmer-researcher partnerships are backbone of agricultural advances.” University of Kentucky News, December 15, 2020. https://news.ca.uky.edu/article/farmer-researcher-partnerships-are-backbone-agricultural-advances
  73. PRWeb. 2010. “Shaping the 2012 Farm Bill: CropLife America Hosts Debate on Agricultural Policy.” PRWeb, July 13, 2010. https://www.prweb.com/releases/croplife_america/modern_agriculture/prweb4252724.htm
  74. Rasmussen, Wayne D. 1983. “The New Deal Farm Programs: What They Were and Why They Survived.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 65, no. 5 (1983): 1158-1162. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1240440
  75. Renton, Cortney A., Claire H. Lafave, and Katie Sierks. 2020. “The Case for Crop Insurance Reform.” Conservation Finance Network, April 8, 2020. https://conservationfinancenetwork.org/2020/04/08/the-case-for-crop-insurance-reform
  76. Richards, A. J. 2001. “Does Low Biodiversity Resulting from Modern Agricultural Practice Affect Crop Pollination and Yield?” Annals of Botany, 88(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1463
  77. Richards, Donale, Margaret Krome, and Alejandra Hernandez. 2020. “Building Sustainable Farms, Ranches and Communities: A Guide to Federal Programs for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry, Entrepreneurship, Conservation, Food Systems, and Community Development 1–101.” SARE Outreach. https://www.sare.org/resources/building-sustainable-farms-ranches-and-communities/
  78. Rosa, Isabel, and Renée Johnson. 2019. “Federal Crop Insurance: Specialty Crops.” Congressional Research Service, 27.
  79. Rosenberg, Nathan, and Bryce W. Stucki. 2019 "How USDA distorted data to conceal decades of discrimination against black farmers." The Counter, June 26, 2019. https://thecounter.org/usda-black-farmers-discrimination-tom-vilsack-reparations-civil-rights/
  80. Schechinger, Anne, and Craig Cox. 2017. “Federal Crop Insurance Policy Could Lead to Second “Dust Bowl.” Environmental Working Group, March 22, 2017. https://www.ewg.org/research/federal-crop-insurance-policy-leading-another-dust-bowl
  81. Schnitkey, Gary, Carl Zulauf, Krista Swanson, and Nick Paulson. 2021. “Fertilizer Price Increases for 2021 Production” Farmdoc Daily, April 20, 2021. https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2021/04/fertilizer-price-increases-for-2021-production.html
  82. Smith, Vincent H., and W. Robert Goodman. 2015. Should Washington End Agriculture Subsidies? Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2015. https://www.wsj.com/articles/should-washington-end-agriculture-subsidies-1436757020
  83. Swedenborg, Elin, Joëlle Rüegg, Sari Mäkelä, and Ingemar Pongratz. 2009. “Endocrine disruptive chemicals: Mechanisms of action and involvement in metabolic disorders.” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 43(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme-08-0132
  84. Stanley, Paige L. 2018. “What Congress Does Next Could Cost Farmers and Taxpayers Billions.” Union of Concerned Scientists. August 22, 2018 https://blog.ucsusa.org/science-blogger/what-congress-does-next-could-cost-farmers-and-taxpayers-billions
  85. State of New Jersey Department of Agriculture. n.d. “Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE).” Accessed March 17, 2021. https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/grants/sare.html
  86. Targeted News Service. 2020. “National Council of Farmer Cooperatives Joins With Other Farm Groups in Forming Farmers for a Sustainable Future.” Targeted News Service, February 20, 2020. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A614381116/STND?u=cornell&sid=STND&xid=ad93ed10
  87. The Living New Deal. n.d. “Soil Conservation Service (SCS) (1935).” Accessed July 27, 2021. https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/soil-conservation-service-scs-1935/    
  88. Thrupp, Lori Ann. 2000. “Linking Agricultural Biodiversity and Food Security: The Valuable Role of Agrobiodiversity for Sustainable Agriculture.” International Affairs, 76(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00133
  89. Tilman, David, Kenneth G. Cassman, Pamela A. Matson, Rosamond Naylor, and Stephen Polasky. 2002. “Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.” Nature, 418(6898), 671–677.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01014
  90. UK Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs. 2020. “The Path to Sustainable Farming: An Agricultural Transition Plan 2021 to 2024”. Last modified November 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/954283/agricultural-transition-plan.pdf
  91. UN environment programme. 2020. “Fertilizers: Challenges and solutions.” Last modified November 9, 2020. http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/fertilizers-challenges-and-solutions
  92. US Congress. “Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, H.R.2.” 115th Congress. 115-334. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2
  93. USDA. n.d. a. Conservation Reserve Program. Farm Service Agency, US Department of Agriculture. Accessed May 11, 2021.
  94. https://fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/conservation-reserve-program/index
  95. USDA. n.d. b. “NRCS Conservation Programs Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) Maps.” Accessed April 23, 2021.  https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/NRCS_RCA/maps/cp_eqip_maps.html
  96. US EPA. n.d. “About Pesticide Registration”. Overviews and Factsheets. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/about-pesticide-registration         
  97. Venn, Fiona. 1998. The New Deal. Edinburgh University Press. https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzk1NzFfX0FO0?sid=5761d922-26c8-408f-a54f-52a3cf6fb3be%40sdc-v-sessmgr01&vid=5&format=EB&rid=1
  98.  Walker, Polly, Pamela Rhubart-Berg, Shawn McKenzie, Kristin Kelling, and Robert S. Lawrence. 2005. “Public health implications of meat production and consumption.” Public Health Nutrition, 8(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005727
  99. Wang, Zhao‐Hui, Sheng‐Xiu Li, and Sukhdev Malhi. 2008. “Effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on nutritional quality of crops.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3084
  100. Water-Bayer, Ann, Laurens van Veldhuizen, Mariana Wongtschowski, and Scott Killough. 2005. “Innovation Support Funds for Farmer-Led Research and Development.” The World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/10749/343450rev0iknt85.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y    
  101. Westcott, Paul C., and J. Michael Price. 2001. “Analysis of the US Commodity Loan Program with Marketing Loan Provisions.” Last modified April 2, 2001. http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=41328
  102. Wettasinha, Chesha, Ann Waters-Bayer, Laurens van Veldhuizen, Gabriela Quiroga, and Kees Swaans. 2014. “Study on Impacts of Farmer-led Research Supported by Civil Society Organizations.” CGIAR. Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems. Working Paper: AAS2014-40. https://digitalarchive.worldfishcenter.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12348/227/3800_AAS-2014-40.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y    
  103. Wilcox, Meg. 2021. “For Food Companies, Shifting to Regenerative Ag Practices Is Complicated.” Greenbiz, March 18, 2021.  www.greenbiz.com/article/food-companies-shifting-regenerative-ag-practices-complicated
  104. Wilson, Clevo, and Clem Tisdell. 2001. “Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs.” Ecological Economics, 39(3), 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00238-5
  105. Wozniacka, Gosia. 2019. “Can Regenerative Agriculture Reverse Climate Change? Big Food Is Banking on It.” NBC Universal News Group, October 29, 2019. www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/can-regenerative-agriculture-reverse-climate-change-big-food-banking-it-n1072941.          
  106. Xiao, Jingsong, Xunhu Dong, Xi Zhang, Feng Ye, Jin Cheng, Guorong Dan, Yuanpeng Zhao, Zhongmin Zou, Jia Cao, and Yan Sai. 2021. “Pesticides Exposure and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration.” Exposure and Health. (2021): 1-12.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00384-x      
  107. Zuber, Stacy M., and María B. Villamil. 2016. “Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on microbial biomass and enzyme activities.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry,  97 (2016): 176-187.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.011

DISCLAIMER: The findings and conclusions published herein are solely attributed to the author and not necessarily endorsed or adopted by the Journal of Science Policy and Governance. Articles are distributed in compliance with copyright and trademark agreements.

ISSN 2372-2193
© 2021 Journal of Science Policy & Governance.
All rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. Disclaimer.
​ISSN 2372-2193​