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Middle school-based interventions for childhood ADHD

Journal of Science Policy & Governance
Volume 24, Issue 01 | April 30, 2024

Policy Memo:  ​Middle school-based interventions for childhood ADHD ​

Raisa Rahim1 
  • University of California, Davis, Department of Psychology, Davis, CA, USA  

​Corresponding author: [email protected] ​​​
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Keywords: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; physical activity; virtual reality; special education
https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG240113 ​

Executive Summary

Given that the United States has the highest prevalence rate of child attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the world, the author expands on the findings of Rahim (2023) that reviews recent evidence on the effectiveness of different interventions currently clinically and experimentally employed to alleviate pediatric ADHD symptoms. Results from the present analyses suggest several options; as the United States Congress considers policy pertinent to children’s education, incorporation of alternative ADHD treatment methods into middle school educational settings may be the catalyst to improve this population’s outcomes in STEM education in relation to their predominant symptoms.

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Background header image courtesy of Miami Herald

Raisa A. Rahim is a recent PhD recipient from University of California, Davis in Cognitive Neuroscience. She was a National Science Foundation graduate research fellow and is passionate about using effective science communication to advocate for integrating the principles of diversity, equity and inclusion into our systems. She is currently volunteering with the National Science Policy Network’s Science on the Ballot initiative.

References

  1. Abdelnour, Elie, Madeline O. Jansen, and Jessica A. Gold. 2022. “ADHD Diagnostic Trends: Increased Recognition or Overdiagnosis?” Missouri Medicine 119 (5): 467–73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9616 454/ 
  2. Benzing, Valentin, and Mirko Schmidt. 2019. “The effect of exergaming on executive functions in children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 29 (8). https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13446. 
  3. Bondü, Rebecca, and Günter Esser. 2014. “Justice and Rejection Sensitivity in Children and Adolescents with ADHD Symptoms.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 24 (2): 185–98. ​https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0560-9.
  4. Bozinovic, Kesten, Flannery McLamb, Katherine O’Connell, Natalie Olander, Zuying Feng, Sora Haagensen, and Goran Bozinovic. 2021. “U.S. National, Regional, and State-Specific Socioeconomic Factors Correlate with Child and Adolescent ADHD Diagnoses Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 22008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01233-2. 
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. “ADHD in the Classroom: Helping Children Succeed at School”. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/school-success.ht ml - :~:text=For teachers, helping children manage,to help students with ADHD.. 
  6. Conway, Francine, Stephanie Lyon, Madelyn Silber, and Shira Donath. 2019. “Cultivating Compassion ADHD Project: A Mentalization Informed Psychodynamic 
  7. Psychotherapy Approach.” Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 18 (3): 212–22. https://pep-web.org/search/document/JICAP.018.0212 A 
  8. Corrigan, Niamh, Costina-Ruxandra Păsărelu, and AlexandraSchool”.ve Virtual Reality for Improving Cognitive Deficits in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Virtual Reality, February. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00768-1. 
  9. Dekkers, Tycho J., Joost A. Agelink van Rentergem, Alette Koole, Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg, Arne Popma, Anika Bexkens, Reino Stoffelsen, Anouk Diekmann, and Hilde M. Huizenga. 2017. “Time-On-Task Effects in Children with and without ADHD: Depletion of Executive Resources or Depletion of Motivation?” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26 (12): 1471–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1006-y. 
  10. Glassdoor. 2024. “Total Salary Range for US Department of Education Research Scientist”. March 21, 2024. https://www.glassdoor.com/Salary/US-Department-of Education-Research-Scientist-Salaries-E41297_D_KO27, 45.htm 
  11. Huang, Huan, Zhijuan Jin, Changshuang He, Shaoyu Guo, Yiwen Zhang, and Minghui Quan. 2022. “Chronic Exercise for Core Symptoms and Executive Functions in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis.” Pediatrics 151 (1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057745. 
  12. Lindly, Olivia J., Elisa Nasol, Chelsey L. Tarazi, Alison E. Chavez, and Katharine E. Zuckerman. 2021. “Toward Equitable Health Outcomes for Diverse Children with ADHD and Their Families.” Academic Pediatrics 21 (4): 617–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.01.020. 
  13. Merkley, R., Matusz, P.J. and Gaia Scerif. 2018. “The Control of Selective Attention and Emerging Mathematical Cognition: Beyond Unidirectional Influences”. Heterogeneity of Function in Numerical Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811529-9.00006-6. 
  14. Parsons, Thomas D., Tyler Duffield, and Justin Asbee. 2019. “A Comparison of Virtual Reality Classroom Continuous Performance Tests to Traditional Continuous 
  15. Performance Tests in Delineating ADHD: A Meta-Analysis.” Neuropsychology Review, June. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11065-019 -09407-6. 
  16. Pot-Kolder, Roos, Wim Veling, Chris Geraets, Joran Lokkerbol, Filip Smit, Alyssa Jongeneel, Helga Ising, and Mark van der Gaag. 2020. “Cost-Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis: Health-Economic Evaluation within a Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (5): e17098.  https://doi.org/10.2196/17098. 
  17. Rahim, Raisa A. 2023. “Effectiveness of established and experimental interventions for pediatric ADHD: a scoping review”. PhD diss. University of California, Davis. 
  18. Range, Bret, Kara Carnes-Holt, and Mary Alice Bruce. 2013. “Engaging Middle-Grade Students to Learn in a Caring Community.” The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 86 (2): 48–52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43999316. 
  19. Sampaio, Filipa, Inna Feldman, Tara A. Lavelle, and Norbert Skokauskas. 2021. “The Cost-Effectiveness of 
  20. Treatments for Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, March. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01748-z.
  21. Stokes, Jared D., Albert Rizzo, Joy J. Geng, and Julie B. Schweitzer. 2022. “Measuring Attentional Distraction in Children with ADHD Using Virtual Reality Technology with Eye-Tracking.” Frontiers in Virtual Reality 3 (March). https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.855895. 
  22. U.S. Congress n.d. Access date February 2, 2024. https://www.congress.gov/. 
  23. U.S. Congress. 2023. "Text - H.R.1578 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): Success in the Middle Act of 2023." https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house bill/1578?s=1&r=71&q=%7B"search"%3A"SHARE+Act "%7D. 
  24. Varigonda, Anjali L., Juliet B. Edgcomb, and Bonnie T. Zima. 2020. “The Impact of Exercise in Improving Executive Function Impairments among Children and Adolescents with ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Archives of Clinical Psychiatry 47 (5): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000251.
  25. Williams, Elizabeth and MaryBeth Musumeci. 2021. “Children with Special Health Care Needs: Coverage, Affordability, and HCBS Access”. KFF. March 21, 2024. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/children-wit h-special-health-care-needs-coverage-affordability-and hcbs-access/ 
  26. Won, Andrea Stevenson, Ariana C Barreau, Mark Gaertner, Tristan Stone, Joshua Zhu, Cheng Yao Wang, and Sean Mackey. 2021. “Assessing the Feasibility of an Open-Source Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback Module for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Pilot Usability Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 23 (5): e16536. https://doi.org/10.2196/16536.

DISCLAIMER: The findings and conclusions published herein are solely attributed to the author and not necessarily endorsed or adopted by the Journal of Science Policy and Governance. Articles are distributed in compliance with copyright and trademark agreements.

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© 2022 Journal of Science Policy & Governance, Inc. All rights reserved. The opinions, findings and conclusions from JSPG publications, additional article commentaries and related events do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal.
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